Stylianos Zlatanos
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Research

Working papers

Demand and supply shocks over the business cycle
2025
Presentations: Bank of England (Seminar); 5th Sailing the Macro & 12th Ghent Workshop on Empirical Macroeconomics (Posters)
Abstract

This paper examines the drivers of U.S. business cycle fluctuations using a Trend–Cycle Bayesian VAR, motivated by evidence that a single “main business cycle” shock leaves much of inflation unexplained. The analysis splits demand into monetary and non-policy components and explicitly models cost-push and oil supply shocks. Applying a generalized “Max Share” procedure with sign restrictions to the stationary cyclical components, the results indicate that demand dominates real activity and drives a large share of nominal fluctuations at horizons that include the short run. At medium-run business cycle horizons (6–32 quarters), supply forces—cost-push and oil—often become pivotal for inflation (especially when identification targets output). Crucially, allowing for these multiple shocks explains the vast majority of cyclical variation in both output and inflation, closing the gap left by one-shock analyses. Overall, by disentangling multiple demand channels and explicitly modeling oil shocks, this framework offers a more precise understanding of the U.S. business cycle.

Working paper

Work in progress

Drivers of vulnerable growth
2025
Draft coming soon
Abstract

This paper develops a Markov-switching vector autoregressive (MS-VAR) model with time-varying transition probabilities to model downside risks to economic growth in the Growth-at-Risk (GaR) framework. While GaR models traditionally rely on quantile regressions or factor-based approaches to capture the influence of financial conditions on the lower tail of growth, I adopt a regime-switching specification in which the probability of entering a high-risk regime is itself driven by a large set of macro-financial predictors. Sparsity is induced through an ℓ1-penalized maximum likelihood estimator, allowing the data to identify the most relevant indicators for regime changes without pre-selecting variables or aggregating them into factors. Using U.S. data, the model uncovers that credit spreads, measures of leverage, and uncertainty indices are systematically selected as key transition drivers, and that regimes associated with elevated downside risks coincide with periods of financial stress and tight credit conditions. By integrating variable selection into the transition mechanism, the model delivers a structural and data-driven map of the conditions that generate shifts in growth risk, providing a complementary perspective to existing GaR methodologies.

Markov-switching models with high-dimensional transition probabilities
2025
Draft coming soon
Abstract

This paper develops a penalized maximum-likelihood estimator for Markov-switching vector autoregressive (VAR) models that allows transition probabilities to depend on a high-dimensional set of predictors. By applying Lasso regularization to the transition-probability coefficients, the approach performs data-driven variable selection and parameter estimation simultaneously. The paper implements a modified Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm that accommodates the latent state structure while solving a convex, penalized multinomial logit problem for the transition coefficients at each maximization step. Monte Carlo experiments demonstrate the finite-sample properties of the estimator across varying sample sizes and predictor dimensions.

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